Optimization and analysis of the seed viability monitoring for seven crop species to inhibit fungal infection

The conservation of crop germplasm resources in Genebanks relies on accurate seed viability monitoring to maintain high viability levels. However, some seeds are susceptible to fungal infections during the germination process, which can affect the morphological development of the radicle and shoot. This leads to a reduced germination rate or vitality index, complicating the accurate assessment of seed viability. In this study, we examined seven crop seeds that are highly susceptible to fungal infection, which were identified during viability monitoring in Genebanks: faba bean, pea, soybean, maize, sunflower, peanut, and sorghum. High-throughput sequencing technology was employed to identify and classify fungi, revealing that genera such as <i>Alternaria</i>, <i>Cladosporium</i>, <i>Fusarium,</i> and others were highly abundant in the seeds. These fungi could produce toxins that may inhibit seedling growth. Sanger sequencing further confirmed that <i>Fusarium</i> is a widely prevalent pathogenic genus across all seven crops. Based on these findings, we optimized the following germination protocols for each crop to mitigate fungal affection: faba bean, pea, sunflower, and sorghum seeds treated with 10% NaClO for 35 min; peanut and maize seeds treated with 6% NaClO for 25 min; soybean seeds treated with 8% NaClO for 15 min; followed by cultivation on 7 g/L agar media. The optimal germination protocol can effectively inhibit the negative effects of fungal infections on seed germination. This study provides technical support for improving the accuracy of seed viability monitoring in Genebanks.