The spatial distribution of archways in Chaozhou: tracing the transition from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China

Abstract This paper investigates the evolution of the spatial distribution of archways in Chaozhou from 1762 to 1949, particularly with respect to the ways in which these archways have been integrated into and influenced the changing urban landscape over time. An investigation of three editions of historical local gazetteers reveals various changes in the number, type, and distribution of archways. On the basis of a literature review, archways can be subdivided into five types. The study reveals that archway types that exhibit a more public nature or have more positive social implications are typically characterised by larger scales, more intricate forms, and more advantageous locations. Furthermore, the clustering characteristics of such archways are distinct, and two patterns can be identified: the cluster on Big Street, which contains dozens of archways, strongly reinforces the urban main axis and represents the dominant landscape element, whereas the clusters on the subaxes, which contain several archways, normally act as affiliated landscape elements that emphasise the associated institutional buildings. Varying locations, densities, and types of archway clusters regulate the roles played by these features within the urban landscape over time. Furthermore, the number and location of different types of archways have evolved in response to broader sociopolitical transitions. This study reveals the functions and characteristics of archways in terms of their effects on both physical and sociocultural landscapes in traditional Chinese cities.