Evaluation of the cold island effect of the urban parks in the main urban area of Wuhan from the perspective of supply and demand

Drawing on these results, the study established an interplay between supply and demand perspectives by applying the theory of locational entropy and proposed optimization strategy for urban parks in Wuhan, aiming to achieve "a match between supply and demand in cold islands" across varying equilibrium stages of the research units. Specific measures include: optimizing the scale and layout of existing parks, reserving green spaces for ecological restoration, strengthening the protection of blue-green ecological foundations, and establishing a blue-green cold island corridor network to enhance ecological connectivity. Our work extends the understanding of the cold island effect of urban parks, assisting urban planners in proposing more targeted and effective management strategy and measures to improve the urban thermal environment, thereby contributing to the creation of healthy, equitable, and sustainable cities.