Radiation Diagnostics of the Maxillofacial Region and Skeleton Bone Density in the Case of Vitamin D Insufficiency: A Pilot Study

(1) Background: A decrease in bone mineral density has been noted not only in at-risk patients (e.g., postmenopausal women) but also in young and middle-aged individuals due to changes in lifestyle. The aim of the study was to find a possible correlation for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the jaws. (2) Methods: A total of 24 patients (14 women and 10 men aged 25 to 50 years) with partial secondary tooth loss and vitamin D insufficiency underwent cone beam computed tomography of the jaws and skeletal mineral density assessment using DXA (<i>n</i> = 12) and QCT (<i>n</i> = 12). (3) Results: When conducting CBCT of the jaws, a predominance of bone tissue type D3 (350-850 Hu) on the upper jaw (<i>p</i> > 0.05 (F = 0.68) and D2 (850-1350 Hu) on the lower jaw (<i>p</i> > 0.05 (F = 1) was revealed. According to the results of QCT densitometry of the skeleton, signs of osteopenia were found in four patients (with vitamin D3 deficiency) (33%) according to DXA; signs of osteopenia were found in six patients (with severe deficiency and deficiency of vitamin D3) (50%). The difference between QCT and DXA was not significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05) for each group. The significant strong correlation between CBCT and DXA or QCT was not found (<i>p</i> > 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Primary changes in bone density can be detected earlier in the dental system using cone beam computed tomography of the jaws. At the same time, the question of using a specific densitometry method-DXA or QCT-remains open, as their results correlating with CBCT optical density was not approved.