Anthropogenic and Environmental Factors Affecting Biodiversityand Human Well-being in an Ecologically Sensitive Wetland

Wetlands in Bangladesh have a crucial role in sustaining biodiversity, fisheries, and local livelihoods; however, they face considerable threats from human activity and environmental influences. This study examines fish diversity, species distribution, and critical socio-ecological issues in Tanguar Haor, an ecologically vulnerable wetland in northeastern Bangladesh. To find out about fish conservation and how communities are connected, a mixed-method approach was used that included both biodiversity assessments and socio-economic analyses. A total of 71 fish species in eight taxonomic groups were identified, with 39 species classified as non-endangered, while 29% were designated as endangered, vulnerable, or critically endangered. The fish assemblage mostly consisted of Cypriniformes (58%), followed by Siluriformes (15%) and Perciformes (09%). Substantial threats include illegal fishing, habitat destruction, gricultural runoff, and poor governance, leading to declining fish populations and socio-economic instability for communities dependent on wetlands. To deal with these problems, the paper suggests setting up fish sanctuaries, using community-based fisheries management (CBFM), making sure that sustainable fishing rules are followed, and supporting programs that help people find other ways to make a living. These results are very important for policymakers, conservationists, and local stakeholders because they help them come up with long-term wetland management plans that will restore biodiversity and make Tanguar Haor's economy and society more stable.