Cold Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia with Blood Group Determination Challenge: A Case Report

Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia (AIHA) is a rare, life-threatening condition characterised by the immune-mediated destruction of erythrocytes. AIHA can be classified as either warm or cold, based on the type of antibodies involved. Although idiopathic in many cases, AIHA necessitates a thorough work-up to exclude secondary causes such as infections, drug reactions, or autoimmune diseases. The present case report documents the presentation, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of a 15-year-old female patient with cold AIHA, who presented with fever and generalised bodyaches. Diagnostic evaluations included a positive Direct Coombs Test (DCT), elevated Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and indirect hyperbilirubinemia, all suggestive of haemolysis. Management involved intravenous corticosteroids and supportive care, resulting in significant clinical improvement. The present report highlights the diagnostic complexity and treatment approach in managing cold AIHA, especially when compounded by challenges in blood typing.