Criminal Liability for the Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports: A Comparative and Analytical Study under International and Middle Eastern Criminal Law

Background: This research aims to examine the phenomenon of widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sports and the methods for combating it on both international and national levels. Internationally, this entails the efforts of organisations and agencies dedicated to sports, while at the national level, it involves the implementation of legislation, enforcement of penalties, and the translation of international recommendations, warnings, and jurisdictional matters to resolve disputes effectively. The study addresses the adequacy of traditional criminal provisions to curb the misuse of PEDs in sports competitions and the legal characterisations of such activities. Methods: The research employs several scientific methodologies: the descriptive method to define the phenomenon, its nature, and various aspects, highlighting its adverse dimensions and health risks to athletes; the analytical method to review legal opinions and international and national laws criminalising the use of PEDs, including judicial rulings; and the comparative method to analyse the approaches of Arab and foreign laws in addressing this issue and their alignment with international recommendations and general legal frameworks. Results and Conclusions: The research concludes with findings and recommendations emphasising the need to combat this phenomenon and limit its effects. It found that the lack of specific laws addressing doping, especially among minor athletes, contributes to its proliferation and blurs the lines between doping and the use of narcotic substances. The research further recommends enhancing penalties for those involved in the production, administration, and prescription of doping substances, alongside establishing clear legal provisions to ensure accountability and effective deterrence.