Surveillance and Genomic Evolution of Infectious Precocity Virus (IPV) from 2011 to 2024

Infectious precocity virus (IPV) poses a significant economic threat to the aquaculture industry by causing sexual precocity and slow growth in <i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i>. In this study, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the genetic evolution of IPV from 2011 to 2024 by collecting 31 IPV variants through epidemiological surveys and public databases, including 29 variants with complete genomic sequences. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that these complete genomic sequences clustered into two distinct phylogenetic clades as follows: the Southeast Asian clade and the Chinese clade. Nucleotide and protein variation analyses demonstrated a high degree of similarity, with nucleotide identity ranging from 98.5% to 100% and protein identity from 99.4% to 100%. Further analysis of protein variations within the putative coding region identified two distinct variation patterns. The average dN/dS ratio of 0.12 highlights the strong purifying selection acting on IPV, particularly on structural proteins. In conclusion, this study significantly expands the genomic database of IPV and provides valuable insights into its genetic evolution. These findings offer critical scientific evidence to enhance detection protocols and support sustainable <i>M. rosenbergii</i> aquaculture practices.