Exploring the Optical and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Phenylammonium Bismuth Chloride Perovskite Quantum Dots

Abstract This study explores the synthesis and characterization of hydroscopic organic Bi-based halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs), specifically PhA 4 BiCl 6 , focusing on their potential for nonlinear optical applications. Employing a one-step synthesis method with and without oleic acid, the QDs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The optical analysis revealed significant blue emission under UV irradiation and broad transparency from 320 to 800 nm. Nonlinear optical properties were assessed via the z-scan technique, showing notable self-defocusing behavior and reverse saturable absorption, with strong light interaction indicated by high nonlinear refractive index (n 2 ) values. The findings position PhA 4 BiCl 6 as a promising candidate for advanced nonlinear optical devices. Additionally, its low toxicity makes it suitable for biological imaging applications, contributing to the development of next-generation photonic circuits and technologies.