Multiple roles of mitochondria in tumorigenesis and treatment: from mechanistic insights to emerging therapeutic strategies

Abstract Mitochondria, the ‘powerhouses’ of cells, primarily produce ATP and also regulate homeostasis, apoptosis, and metabolism. In recent years, research advancements in oncology have highlighted the pivotal role of mitochondria in tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic response. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research progress on mitochondrial functions in oncology, systematically discussing the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic reprogramming, and advances in mitochondrial-targeted therapies. Additionally, the complex role of mitochondria in tumor immunity is analyzed. Through integrated analysis and summary, this review seeks to reveal the significance of these findings in advancing basic cancer research and their potential implications for clinical applications, thereby offering new insights and directions for future cancer treatment strategies.