Delay Propagation at U-Shaped Automated Terminals for Multilevel Handlings Based on Multivariate Transfer Entropy

Port congestion leads to frequent delays in multilevel handlings at automated terminals (ATMH). These delays propagate throughout the terminal, intensified by the interdependencies among equipment, which severely undermines the overall efficiency of the port. To elucidate the characteristics of ATMH and to investigate the dynamics of delay propagation, this study employs causal analysis methods applied to a U-shaped automated terminal multilevel handling system. By integrating the Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR) algorithm with multivariate transfer entropy, we propose a novel approach to develop an interactive influence network for a U-shaped automated container terminal. Furthermore, this research develops a delay propagation model that accounts for equipment withdrawal mechanisms. The simulation results indicate that the multilevel handling system exhibits a certain degree of randomness, with close interaction between Automated Guided Vehicles and yard cranes. Measures that involve the withdrawal of propagating equipment and the implementation of immunity control on critical equipment can significantly mitigate the spread of delays. This study broadens the methodological framework for existing research on multilevel handling systems at automated terminals, exploring the operational characteristics and propagation patterns of delays. Such insights will assist terminals in implementing effective governance strategies when confronted with delays induced by uncertain factors, thereby reducing the risk of delay propagation and enhancing overall operational efficiency.