Non-suicidal Self-Injury and Suicide Attempts: A Secondary Analysis Describing the Patterns and Clinical Characteristics of Patients Presenting With Self-Harm to a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background Self-harm includes suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), both of which are linked to psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stressors. While suicide attempts involve an intent to die, NSSI often serves as a maladaptive coping mechanism. In India, stigma and limited mental health resources hinder early intervention. This study analyzes self-harm patterns, psychiatric comorbidities, and risk factors in patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital. Methodology This retrospective study reviewed the medical records of 165 patients with suicide attempts or NSSI between January and June 2024. Data on demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, self-harm methods, and substance use were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Of the 165 cases, 69 involved suicide attempts, and 96 involved NSSI. Suicide attempts were more common among individuals aged 31-40, whereas NSSI was predominant in the 18-30 age group. Depressive disorder was the most frequent diagnosis among those attempting suicide, affecting 55 (68.7%) individuals, while substance use disorder was more prevalent in NSSI cases, with 51 (67.1%) individuals affected. Self-poisoning emerged as the most common method, possibly influenced by weak pesticide regulations in India. A significant association was found between suicide intent and a history of past suicide attempts. Conclusion Early screening, access control to harmful substances, identifying at-risk populations, and structured post-discharge care are essential in reducing self-harm and suicide risk. Targeted interventions can improve mental health outcomes in at-risk populations.