Screening and Application of DNA Markers for Novel Quality Consistency Evaluation in Panax ginseng

Quality control remains a challenge in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This study introduced a novel genetic-based quality control method for TCM. Genetic variations in ginseng were evaluated across whole-genome, chloroplast genome, and ITS2 DNA barcode dimensions. Significant genetic variations were found in whole-genome comparison, leading to the use of inter-simple sequence repeat markers to assess the genetic diversity of ginseng decoction pieces (PG), garden ginseng (GG), and ginseng under forest (FG). Fingerprints of ginseng samples revealed instability within some batches. These evaluations were transformed into information entropy to calculate the size of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium population (HWEP). FG had significantly higher genetic and chemical minimum HWEP than GG (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Notably, a significant positive correlation was observed between the minimum HWEP for genetics and for chemistry (<i>r</i> = 0.857, <i>p</i> = 0.014). Genetic polymorphism analysis of ginseng has the potential to evaluate chemical quality consistency, offering a new method to ensure quality consistency in TCM.