Urban Energy System Antifragile Management: A Carbon Trading and Demand Response Prospective

The urban energy system (UES) is viable for achieving the "dual carbon" objectives. To investigate the influence of demand-side flexibility on carbon reduction, this paper presents an optimized operational model for the IES within a carbon trading framework. Demand response is categorized into two types: price-based and substitution-based. The price-based demand response is modeled using a price elasticity matrix, while the substitution-based model considers the conversion between electricity and thermal energy. The system receives free carbon emission allowances through the baseline method, and a carbon trading mechanism is established based on the actual emissions from gas turbines and boilers. The optimization model seeks to minimize total costs related to energy acquisition, carbon trading, and operations. Scenario analyses reveal that implementing a suitable carbon trading price can effectively reconcile economic performance with low-carbon goals.