Research on Bid Decision-making Strategy of Independent Energy Storage in Primary Frequency Regulation Market

In the context of the rapid increase in renewable energy penetration and the continuous development of the marketization of ancillary services in the power sector, energy storage systems (ESS) participating as independent market participants in the primary frequency regulation (PFR) ancillary services market is an effective means to alleviate the insufficient PFR capability of the power grid. This paper proposes a mileage calculation model for PFR utilizing historical frequency data. Furthermore, a PFR cost calculation model is presented, including cycle life costs and charge-discharge loss costs. Based on these models, a bidding decision model is developed for independent energy storage systems participating in the PFR market, accounting for the uncertainty of PFR clearing prices. To address the non-linear issues within this bidding decision model, a linearization method is employed, transforming the non-linear problem into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem for collaborative optimization. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed bidding decision model is validated through case studies.