Haptic actuators in aquatic environments: an exploratory study

The integration of wearable devices into sports and rehabilitation is expanding, particularly in real-time biomechanical feedback (RTBF) applications. This study addresses the challenge of delivering effective RTBF in aquatic environments through haptic feedback. A waterproof wearable device with six vibrotactile actuators, a control circuit, and a microcontroller was developed and evaluated. An exploratory study involving 21 participants (12 males, 9 females) was conducted to assess human perception of haptic feedback. The study examined three independent variables: placement (waist or head), environment (in water or on land), and activity (stationary or in motion). Participants performed eight test scenarios involving 20 distinct haptic patterns. Results indicated that both mounting positions were effective, with differences in recognition rates across conditions and symbol complexities. The findings offer insights into the design and application of haptic RTBF systems in aquatic settings, providing a foundation for future developments in sports and rehabilitation technologies.