Nano-biotechnological approach for the ultrasensitive electrochemical and fluorescence detection of <i>Staphylococcal enterotoxin</i> B

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus , a bacterium with gram-positive characteristics and a spherical shape, is typically harboured in the human nose and skin. It can survive at a wide range of temperatures (15 °C to 45 °C), has virulence factors, and contains toxins, enzymes, and surface proteins. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a heat-stable protein toxin 28 kDa in size. Food poisoning causes nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and diarrhoea due to the consumption of contaminated food. Staphylococcus aureus and its potent toxin SEB pose significant challenges to public health, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Nanobiotechnology and fluorescence-based approaches offer innovative solutions for their control, detection, and neutralization. Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection (graphene, carbon, and gold nanoparticles) and fluorescence detection (quantum dots, carbon dots, Forster resonance energy transfer, graphene oxide and metal-enhanced fluorescence) can detect Staphylococcal enterotoxin B due to their high sensitivity, specificity, and potential for miniaturization. Nanotechnology improves the detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B with increased sensitivity and specificity. The dual-modality detection system combines the quantitative precision of electrochemical sensors with the real-time imaging capabilities of fluorescence techniques. This review addresses the nanobiotechnology approach for the potential detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B. This platform can be extended to in vitro diagnostic, food analysis, biosafety, environmental application, and clinical analysis, especially cancer biomarker diagnosis.