Modeling, Embedded Control, and Design of Soft Robots Using a Learned Condensed FEM Model

The finite element method (FEM) is a powerful modeling tool for predicting soft robots' behavior, but its computation time can limit practical applications. In this article, a learning-based approach based on condensation of the FEM model is detailed. The proposed method handles several kinds of actuators and contacts with the environment. We demonstrate that this compact model can be learned as a unified model across several designs and remains very efficient in terms of modeling since we can deduce the direct and inverse kinematics of the robot. Building upon the intuition introduced in (Ménager et al., 2023), the learned model is presented as a general framework for modeling, controlling, and designing soft manipulators. First, the method's adaptability and versatility are illustrated through optimization-based control problems involving positioning and manipulation tasks with mechanical contact-based coupling. Second, the low-memory consumption and the high prediction speed of the learned condensed model are leveraged for real-time embedding control without relying on costly online FEM simulation. Finally, the ability of the learned condensed FEM model to capture soft robot design variations and its differentiability are leveraged in calibration and design optimization applications.