Assessment of Green Steel Production Technologies: Feasibility, Scalability, and Economic Viability

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate green steel production technologies, to assess their feasibility, scalability, and economic viability in reducing carbon emissions in the steel industry. Theoretical Framework: This study is grounded in concepts from sustainability transitions, technological innovation systems, and industrial ecology. Key theories and models include the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP), Technological Innovation System (TIS), and circular economy principles. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a mixed-methods approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Data collection was carried out through an extensive literature review, expert interviews, and lifecycle assessment (LCA) of green steel technologies, focusing on hydrogen-based direct reduction (H2-DR) and electric arc furnace (EAF) processes. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that H2-DR and EAF technologies significantly reduce carbon emissions compared to traditional blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) methods. The discussion contextualizes these findings within the theoretical framework, highlighting key challenges such as hydrogen availability, infrastructure investment, and the need for policy support. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research include insights into the potential of green steel technologies to achieve carbon neutrality in the steel industry, influence regulatory policies, and drive investment in renewable energy infrastructure. Originality/Value: This study contributes to literature by providing a comprehensive evaluation of green steel technologies, emphasizing their environmental and economic benefits. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by its potential to inform policy-making and industrial practices, supporting the transition to a sustainable steel industry.