Complex Floral Scent Profile of Neottia ovata (Orchidaceae): General Attractants and Beyond

Understanding the complexity of flower scent-a crucial attractant for pollinators and a key factor in ensuring plant reproduction-is an essential ecological task for highly endangered orchids. To address this issue, we studied the flower volatiles profile of <i>Neottia ovata</i>, a nectar-rewarding orchid known for its generalist pollination strategy. We then compared the chemical composition of <i>N. ovata</i> floral scent with scent data of other orchid species to place our findings in the context of general volatile attractants emitted by nectar-rewarding or food-deceptive species. Our results contribute to understanding the complexity of the <i>N. ovata</i> floral scent profile and provide valuable methodological insights. The scented bouquet of <i>N. ovata</i> comprises 100 compounds with a relatively consistent composition across the analyzed samples. It is rich in terpenes, including linalool and trans-/cis-sabinene hydrate, compounds commonly associated with generalized rewarding or food-deceptive pollination systems. Other terpenes identified include α- and β-pinene, limonene, and β-phellandrene, whose presence underscores the generalized nature of the floral scent. Interestingly, in the studied <i>N. ovata</i> populations, the dominance among terpenes is shifting markedly towards γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, and terpinene-4-ol, commonly found in essential oils and the floral scents of some supergeneralist-pollination plants. Aromatic compounds were less represented in the <i>N. ovata</i> scent profile and those of other orchids studied, though benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde were noticeably more abundant. Aliphatic compounds composed the least prevalent fraction, showing a marked decreasing trend among nectar-rewarding species with generalized or specialized pollination systems. It is worth emphasizing that the applied methodology revealed an extensive group of low-frequency compounds in the <i>N. ovata</i> floral scent. This finding raises new ecological questions about the intraspecific diversity of floral scent profiles and sheds new light on the factors determining effective reproduction in this species of orchid.