Endoscopy and diagnosis of coeliac disease

Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals, predominantly affecting the small intestine. The condition is associated with HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 gene alleles and involves an immune response leading to inflammation and villous atrophy. The prevalence of CD has increased globally, affecting 1% of the population, with various gastrointestinal and extraintestinal manifestations. Diagnosis involves serological testing, endoscopic biopsies and occasionally genetic testing. Disease management primarily includes a lifelong gluten-free diet to reduce symptoms and prevent complications. Emerging treatments targeting the immune response are under investigation. Effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach, including dietitian involvement with regular follow ups to address nutritional deficiencies and other associated health concerns.