Strategies used by organisms to survive very cold climates - student's guide.

We briefly examine how cold-hardiness in general, including freeze-tolerance, freeze-avoidance and dehydration strategies allow survival in cold climates, through the eyes of some specific insects and fish. Strategies do vary with geography and latitude, even between two types of insects living in the same area. We look at ice nucleation proteins to enhance freezing and antifreeze proteins to help avoid ice formation or, in some cases, to hinder what is known as recrystallization, as a frozen organism thaws. https://doi.org/10.54680/fr25210110112.