Great powers, the arming of non-state groups, and the prolongation of armed conflicts in the Middle East

Abstract This paper examines the policies of the United States and Russia in arming non-state actors in the Middle East, analysing their objectives, consequences, and implications for regional stability. The study's central question is: How have the actions of the US and Russia in arming non-state actors impacted the conflicts and stability in the Middle East? Using a qualitative analysis of case studies from Syria, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, and Yemen, the paper explores the differing strategic approaches of the two powers—America’s tactical, short-term goals versus Russia’s long-term, strategic objectives—and the resulting consequences for the region. The findings suggest that both powers' interventions have exacerbated instability, with the arming of non-state actors often leading to prolonged wars and the emergence of new conflicts. The involvement of regional powers, such as Iran, U.A.E and Türkiye, further complicates the situation, creating an endless cycle of proxy warfare. In contrast, China’s abstention from arming non-state actors is driven by economic concerns and a preference for regional stability.