Self‐Reported Symptoms of Reading and Writing Difficulties and ADHD Among Females in Prison: A Comparison Between Belgium and Norway

This study investigated reading and writing difficulties, as well as attention deficit or hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among female prisoners in Belgium and Norway. While learning difficulties and ADHD are prevalent in prison populations, research focusing on females is rather limited. A cross-sectional survey design (N = 101) was used to assess the prevalence of self-reported literacy challenges and symptoms of ADHD, as well as their comorbidity, by comparing Belgium and Norway. The findings showed a positive correlation between literacy challenges and ADHD symptoms, with significant differences between the two countries. Norwegian participants reported higher rates of formal diagnoses for reading and writing difficulties, as well as ADHD, compared to Belgian participants. These findings suggest that cultural and systemic factors may influence the recognition, diagnosis, and reporting of learning disabilities and ADHD in incarcerated populations. The results underscore the need for tailored educational programs in prisons that meet the needs of the individual prisoner. Further research should explore how cultural and systemic factors contribute to differences in experiences and diagnoses.