Determinants of fall armyworm ( <i>Spodoptera frugiperda)</i> control strategies by maize-producing smallholder farmers in Mutasa District, Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe

Fall armyworm (FAW) outbreaks in Zimbabwe have exacerbated challenges for smallholder farmers, causing maize damage and yield losses. This study explores the various control strategies employed by smallholder farmers in Mutasa District to control pests and the factors influencing their selection. A sample of 158 randomly selected maize smallholder farmers was surveyed using a structured questionnaire, and the data were analysed using frequencies, means and Multivariate Probit Regression. Male farmers were less likely to use uprooting and disposal as a FAW control strategy while being a married farmer increased the probability of using handpicking by 34.9% compared to single farmers. Education level increased the probability of using pesticides by 26.4% but decreased the likelihood of using uprooting and disposal by 34.6%. Large families used labour-intensive techniques, while the distance from home reduced the probability of adopting early planting and intercropping strategies. Access to extension services increased the probability of using powdered soap by 29.3%. The study recommends an integrated strategy of FAW control that considers socioeconomic factors, promotes education, makes information accessible and supports sustainable FAW management techniques needed in the area.