Key Determinants and Challenges of Sustainability in Cities of Punjab, Pakistan

Cities’ sustainability is a multifaceted challenge influenced by environmental, economic, infrastructural, and social factors. This study applies regression analysis to assess key sustainability determinants across six major cities in Punjab, Pakistan—Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan, and Sargodha. The results indicate that pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO₂, O3), water scarcity, and high crime rates hinder sustainability, while industrial expansion, infrastructure, and cultural institutions enhance resilience. Population and economic instability growth further complicate sustainability, proving that economic expansion alone is inadequate. Contrarily, pollution, water wastage, and rainfall variability cause major threat signifying the need for climate adaptation. Moreover, soaring crime rate in Bahawalpur and Sargodha weakens resilience, highlighting the crucial role of governance and law enforcement. Since sustainability is a context-specific concept, a one-size-fits-all approach is ineffective. This study suggests effective environmental policies, rigorous implementation of climate strategies, upgrading infrastructure, and enhancing security measures. A cross-functional approach constituting economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social well-being is essential for long-term resilience in Punjab’s cities.