The Impact of Smart Manufacturing Levels on Sustainability: The Mediating Role of Supply Chain Flexibility and Collaboration

Supply chain management (SCM) is essential for corporate competitiveness and sustainability, particularly with the rise of smart technologies. However, existing studies often focus on technological advancements or individual supply chain performance, overlooking the broader impact of smart manufacturing on sustainability. This study investigates how smart manufacturing levels influence supply chain capabilities and corporate sustainability. Data from 190 domestic small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that have adopted or plan to adopt smart technologies were analyzed. Supply chain capabilities were divided into two key components: internal flexibility and external collaboration. The findings reveal that higher smart manufacturing levels significantly enhance both supply chain capabilities and sustainability. Furthermore, supply chain capabilities mediate the relationship between smart manufacturing and sustainability. The integrated effect of internal flexibility and external collaboration strengthens this relationship more effectively than either factor alone. These insights highlight practical strategies for SMEs to leverage smart manufacturing and improve sustainable supply chain practices. By balancing internal and external capabilities, businesses can maximize the impact of smart technologies. This study expands the understanding of how smart manufacturing promotes sustainability across supply chains and provides valuable guidance for developing effective SCM strategies.