Advances in genetically engineered microorganisms: Transforming food production through precision fermentation and synthetic biology

• Engineered microbes enable alternative proteins, enzymes, and food ingredients. • Precision fermentation enhances efficiency, sustainability, and nutrition in food. • Synthetic biology modifies microbes for new food production capabilities. • Regulatory frameworks ensure safety of genetically modified microorganisms. • Precision fermentation and synthetic biology address global food challenges. The utilization of genetically modified microorganisms in food production is transforming the landscape of the food industry, enhancing efficiency and sustainability through innovative fermentation techniques. As global challenges such as population growth and climate change threaten food security, there is an urgent need to optimize food supply chains and improve resource utilization. This review explores the advancements in precision fermentation, highlighting the role of synthetic biology and protein engineering in the production of alternative proteins, lipids, and oligosaccharides. By utilizing engineered microbes, producers can significantly increase the yield of food ingredients, reduce waste, and improve nutritional profiles. Furthermore, the article discusses the regulatory frameworks governing the use of these organisms, emphasizing the importance of safety assessments to ensure public confidence in genetically engineered food products. Additionally, the review addresses the challenges and innovations within microbial biotechnology, including metabolic engineering and the production of versatile single-cell proteins. By delving into these topics, we underscore the significance of biotechnology in addressing the future of food production, ultimately aiming to promote food security and sustainable practices in an evolving global landscape.