Challenges and opportunities for increase sustainability and energy efficiency in ceramic tile industry

ABSTRACT The ceramic tile has an estimated global warming potential of 14.4 kg CO 2 equivalent per square meter, with CO 2 emissions contributing to approximately 92.1% of the overall impact. The total emissions amount to 19 million tons of CO 2 annually, representing approximately 1% of Europe's industrial emissions that are regulated by the EU Emissions Trading System. As a result, the ceramic industry is under growing pressure to decrease carbon emissions and improve energy efficiency in accordance with Europe's new climate and energy objectives. However, this process holds a clear challenge. This work addresses the challenges and opportunities facing the ceramic tile industry in reducing carbon emissions and improving energy efficiency in line with new climate and energy goals worldwide. It highlights the importance of adopting innovative strategies across product, process efficiency, and market and supply chain aspects.