Removal of methyl violet dye by a photocatalytic process using variations of TiO<sub>2</sub>/zeolite synthesized from muscovite raw material

The removal of methyl violet dye through a photocatalytic process has been successfully carried out.This study aimed to evaluate the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO 2 /zeolite catalysts in degrading methyl violet dye.Zeolites were synthesized from silica and aluminum sources derived from muscovite raw materials using the hydrothermal method, resulting in two types of zeolites: cancrinite (CAN) in synthesis A and analcime (ANA) in synthesis B. The zeolites were combined with anatase-phase TiO 2 to form photocatalysts, with XRD analysis confirming the cubic structure of analcime and hexagonal cancrinite in the anatase phase.FTIR spectra showed sharp bands in the 468-1005 cm - wave number range.SEM analysis showed that TiO 2 /analcime exhibited a hexagonal morphology with a crystal size of 10.58 m, while TiO 2 /cancrinite had a rod-shaped morphology with a crystal size of 21.3 m.Surface area analysis showed that TiO 2 /ANA and TiO 2 /CAN had surface areas of 34.80 m/g and 23.08 m/g, respectively, with pore diameters > 2 nm, which confirmed their mesoporous nature based on the BJH method.UV-DRS analysis showed band gap energies of 3.13 eV for TiO/ANA and 3.11 eV for TiO/CAN.Photodegradation tests showed that the TiO/ANA catalyst exhibited higher methyl violet degradation efficiency than TiO/CAN.This study highlighted the potential of TiO/zeolite-based photocatalysts for effective treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater, contributing to environmental sustainability.