Frailty and Stress Urinary Incontinence: Bayesian Network and Discrete Mathematical Approach Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005–2018 Data

Background Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is common among older women and may be associated with frailty. Frailty, characterized by reduced physiological reserves and muscle weakness, can impair pelvic floor function and increase the risk of SUI. This study evaluates the association between frailty and SUI using a large dataset. Methods Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005-2018 were analyzed, including 6,386 women aged ≥20 years with complete frailty and SUI data. Frailty was classified using NHANES-derived criteria. SUI was assessed through self-reported questionnaires. Propensity score matching adjusted for confounders. Logistic regression and Bayesian modeling were applied to evaluate associations. Results SUI prevalence was higher in frail individuals (607 (32.0%) vs. 414 (15.0%), p < 0.001). Frailty independently predicted SUI (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.25-1.75; p < 0.001). Bayesian modeling demonstrated interconnections between frailty, SUI, and functional limitations. Conclusions Frailty is a significant predictor of SUI in women. Identifying frailty status may improve SUI risk stratification and guide targeted interventions.