Horizontal gene transfer: the hidden hazards of genetic engineering

Horizontal or lateral gene transfer involves to the movement of genetic material between organisms in a manner that is not associated with traditional reproduction. This process can occur through direct methods or via vectors, and it contrasts with vertical gene transfer, where genes are passed to offspring. Genetic engineering often utilizes artificial constructs to cross species barriers and integrate in to genomes, facilitating unregulated horizontal gene transfer. These constructs which typically include genetic elements, can naturally mediate horizontal gene transfer. This can lead to the spread of diseases, antibiotic resistance, and even cancer in mammalian cells. Given these risks, it is crucial to establish effective regulatory measures to prevent the release of these constructs into the environment and to consider the continuation of potentially hazard experiments. This review aims to highlight the current status and implications of horizontal gene transfer facilitated by genetic engineering, emphasizing the need for stringent regulatory measures to mitigate associated risks.