FLAMES AND FINANCES: ANALYZING FIRE INCIDENTS, COSTS IN CONSONANCE WITH DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES’ POLICIES

Fire incidents pose a significant global threat, causing extensive damage to human settlements, ecosystems, and economies. The increasing frequency and intensity of fires, exacerbated by climate change, urbanization, and inadequate fire management strategies, have led to rising financial and environmental costs. This literature review examines global fire trends, economic losses, and policy responses, with a focus on how various nations address fire risks through prevention, mitigation, and governance. Developed countries such as the United States, Australia, and members of the European Union have implemented advanced fire suppression technologies, early warning systems, and cross-border cooperation to reduce fire-related risks. In contrast, developing nations, including the Philippines, face challenges in fire prevention due to limited resources, weak enforcement of fire safety regulations, and rapid urban expansion. This literature review also explores the role of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in mitigating fire-related damage in the Philippines through policies on forest conservation, waste management, and climate adaptation. Comparative insights reveal the importance of integrating fire prevention strategies with environmental governance and disaster resilience planning. By analyzing international best practices, this review highlights the need for stronger policy enforcement, public awareness, and adaptive strategies to minimize the economic and ecological impact of fire incidents worldwide.