Study on the correlation of electron spin resonance with pigment gallstones and trace Cu2+, Fe3+ in diet

Through the analysis of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra from patients with pigment gallstones, it was found that both Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ signals were detected in the gallstone powder, exhibiting relatively high intensity. The EPR signal for Fe(III) showed g = 4.18 and ΔHpp = 4.85 mT, presenting an asymmetric high-spin spectrum; for Cu(II), g‖=2.36 and g⊥=2.15 were observed. This study explored the relationship between bile pigments and Fe³⁺ /Cu²⁺ ions, noting that routine health examinations for gallstone patients typically do not include testing for heavy metal ions. Therefore, effective preventive measures against gallstone formation should be based on dietary habits, necessitating EPR studies to assess the levels of Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ in various food types. This paper discusses the morphology of pigment gallstones as well as the correlation between bile pigments and Fe³⁺ /Cu²⁺ ions, along with the impact of different food categories on pigment gallstones.