The development of Hwaeomjong in Late Goryeo and Activities of Hwaeomjong Monks

This article explores the development of Hwaeomjong thought in the 13th and 14th centuries by examining the activities of monks who influenced its expansion and decline during late Goryeo. During the Mongol invasions, Gyunyeo school monks played a key role in engraving and printing the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks, fostering the rise of those who continued the traditions of Ui-sang and Gyunyeo. Unlike the Uicheon school, which criticized Gyunyeo, these monks published his lecture notes and emphasized early Hwaeom thought. Amitabha and Avalokiteśvara beliefs gained prominence, reflecting their engagement with Ui-sang’s teachings. The Avalokiteśvara belief, centered on Mt. Naksan, became central to Hwaeom practice, while the 『Baekhwa Doyang Balwonmun』 reinforced its doctrine. In the 14th century, Chewon and Cheonhee systematized Avalokiteśvara belief within the Hwaeom Sutra. Cheon-hee sought to restore Ui-sang’s traditions but later joined the Seon sect after receiving authorization from Chan Master Linji in China, marking a hegemony shift. By early Joseon, from Cheonhee to Gyeongnam and from Wooun to Euichim schools dominated, making Hwaeom thought difficult to define. However, their contributions helped establish it as a leading sect in the Joseon period.