Thermochemical transformation of agricultural residue for hydrogen production in India

India is a predominantly agriculture-based state, and the availability of biomass from agriculture residue can be leveraged for producing biofuels, hydrogen, methane, and other valuable chemicals. This article explores biomass pyrolysis as a crucial approach to India's renewable energy goals, focussing on hydrogen production. Thermochemical pyrolysis converts agriculture residue into hydrogen-rich syngas, effectively utilizing India's enormous biomass reserve. The key highlight of this analysis is the simultaneous extraction of biomass charcoal, that captures carbon and improves soil health, aiding in agricultural sustainability. The research primarily emphasizes utilizing agriculture biomass to produce electricity in rural regions, to promote energy sustainability. Additionally, the study explores technology as rapid and microwave-assisted pyrolysis to improve process efficiency. The study also examines the financial potential of hydrogen production employing biomass pyrolysis, taking into consideration aspects like feedstock accessibility, investment costs, and market needs. Moreover, the market demand research shows a large opportunity for hydrogen produced from biomass pyrolysis, with demand probable to surpass 7–10 million metric tonnes per year. However, the effectiveness of biomass pyrolysis application is dependent on complementary government policies, assistance, and energy efficiency initiatives. This paper highlights the significance of these strategies in promoting the widespread use of biomass for hydrogen production in India. In conclusion, this evaluation identified biomass pyrolysis as a novel and potential solution for sustaining India's future energy demands.