A Parametric Comparison of JARUS SORA 2.0 and 2.5 Ground Risk Models

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the Joint Authorities for Rulemaking of Unmanned Systems (JARUS)’ Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) ground risk model, between Version 2.0 and Version 2.5, focusing on differences and similarities. SORA, a methodology for risk assessment and conformity evaluation developed by JARUS, has been widely adopted across various regions, including Australia, Canada, the European Union, and others. The study delves into the variations in risk assessment outcomes concerning intrinsic and final Ground Risk Class, elucidating their implications for different categories of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs). Key paradigm shifts between SORA 2.0 and 2.5 affecting Ground Risk assessment are outlined, as follows: (1) Introduction of quantitative analysis based on precise population density for determining intrinsic Ground Risk Class. (2) Incorporation of Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) from the remote pilot as a mitigation measure, coupled with a stricter definition of VLOS as visual ground control. (3) Enhanced differentiation among UAS sizes. Furthermore, the paper underscores the implications of these changes on original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and operators. By referencing standard industry operations, the analysis sheds light on how modifications in the SORA methodology impact UAS operations and regulatory compliance. Overall, this comparative analysis provides valuable insights into the evolution of the SORA ground risk model, facilitating a deeper understanding of its application in UAS operations and regulatory frameworks globally.