Al–Zr dual-doping enhancing the electrochemical performance of spinel LiMn₂O₄ cathodes

Abstract LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO) represents one of the most prevalent cathode materials utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), yet its broader application is often hampered by its limited achievable capacity and significant capacity degradation during cycling. In this work, a novel dual-doping strategy involving Al 3+ and Zr 4+ ions has been employed to refine the atomic structure of LMO’s spinel framework. The resultant dual-doped material, Li 1.06 Mn 1.97 Zr 0.01 Al 0.02 O 4 , exhibits enhanced electrochemical properties, boasting a discharge capacity of 124.9 mAh/g at a rate of 0.1 C. Furthermore, the formation of stronger Al–O and Zr–O bonds contributes to the stabilization of the delithiated LMO structure. Impressively, 97.7% of its initial capacity is retained after 100 cycles at a 5 C rate. Additionally, enhancements in rate performance and high-temperature cycling stability have also been observed. This study underscores the potential of Al 3+ and Zr 4+ dual-doping as a promising approach to enhance LMO cathodes, providing a scalable and efficient means of improving the performance of lithium manganese oxide cathode materials through the incorporation of multiple ions.