454 3D Modeling and XR Simulations of Cross-Sectional Anatomy in the Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Brainstem

INTRODUCTION: A comprehensive grasp of the anatomy of the human cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, along with their intricate 3-dimensional (3D) interconnections, is paramount in neurosurgical practice. While 3D photogrammetric models of cadaver brains and 2-dimensional images of postmortem brain slices exist, accessible 3D models of cross-sectional cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem anatomy, compatible with both augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) simulations, are lacking for neurosurgeons. METHODS: Utilizing the Klingler method, three cadaveric specimens were meticulously prepared for dissection in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes. A series of 3D models and AR/VR simulations were subsequently created using 360° photogrammetry. RESULTS: We successfully obtained high-resolution 3D models depicting the cross-sectional anatomy of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, which were then integrated into AR/VR simulations. Eleven axial, nine sagittal, and seven coronal 3D models were generated, strategically showcasing essential deep anatomical structures. These models offer flexibility, allowing free rotation, projection onto any surface, viewing from all angles, and examination at various magnifications. CONCLUSIONS: This detailed study represents the first amalgamation of state-of-the-art technologies (photogrammetry, AR, and VR) to achieve high-resolution 3D visualization of the cross-sectional anatomy of the entire human cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The resulting 3D images are readily accessible for use by medical professionals and students, enhancing comprehension of the intricate 3D relationships within deep and superficial brain anatomy.