Enhancing shallow geothermal wells via Time-Dependent modeling and bucket space approximation

• Bucket space approximation of geothermal wells improves numerical performance in time domain. • Higher grout thermal conductivity enhances heating and cooling performance across all operational conditions. • Tubing air–gap implementation reduces thermal short-circuiting, but its effectiveness depends on flowrate. • Weather and operational conditions significantly impact geothermal well efficiency, necessitating adaptive flowrate control. Geothermal energy is a clean, sustainable resource, yet efficiency challenges such as reservoir thermal depletion and short-circuiting in shallow closed-loop wells limit the performance of geothermal systems. The high computational cost of transient numerical models further complicates performance optimization, making it difficult to assess and improve system efficiency. To address this, a Bucket Space Approximation is introduced as a novel simplification method that preserves thermal effects while significantly reducing computational costs. A two-dimensional, 100-meter-deep, axisymmetric geothermal well model was simulated for 30 years using the finite element method and validated against analytical benchmarks and Distributed Thermal Response Test data. Sensitivity analyses examined grout thermal conductivity, tubing air–gap dimensions, and weather-dependent fluid flow rates. The results show that grout thermal conductivity consistently improves well performance, while seasonally adaptive operational strategies optimize efficiency. In winter, higher fluid flow rates enhance heating performance, whereas in summer, lower flow rates minimize pumping power while maintaining cooling efficiency. Under mid-weather conditions, increasing flow rates reduces the effectiveness of tubing air-gaps, requiring careful adjustments. The inclusion of a tubing air–gap generally improved performance, with an optimal thickness of 1.6 mm and a length of 60 m. This study presents a computationally efficient approach to enhance geothermal well performance while reducing modeling constraints. The findings contribute to improving system efficiency, expanding the applicability of closed-loop geothermal wells, and guiding future research on integrating novel materials with adaptive thermal properties, heterogeneous geological conditions, and incorporating dynamic weather conditions.