TRANSPLANTE DE ÓRGÃOS SÓLIDOS: AVANÇOS NAS TÉCNICAS E NA IMUNOSSUPRESSÃO – REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DAS INOVAÇÕES E DESAFIOS NO TRANSPLANTE HEPÁTICO, RENAL E CARDÍACO.

Solid organ transplantation is one of the most significant advances in modern medicine, providing a therapeutic alternative for patients with end-stage organ failure, including liver, kidney, and heart diseases. This integrative review examines recent advances in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive therapies, as well as challenges and future perspectives in the field. The study covers improvements in minimally invasive procedures, the use of normothermic perfusion for organ preservation, novel immunosuppressive strategies, and tolerance induction approaches. Additionally, it discusses critical issues such as the shortage of available donor organs, disparities in access to transplantation, and long-term complications related to chronic rejection. Promising perspectives, including the use of expanded criteria donor organs, xenotransplantation, organ bioengineering, and stem cell-based therapies, are explored. The advances discussed have direct implications for clinical practice and indicate that transplant medicine is moving towards safer, more accessible, and more effective approaches.