Augmented reality simulation framework for minimally invasive orthopedic surgery

System validation involved analysis at different framework levels. From texture analysis of acquired images to application accuracy evaluation, the influence of various parameters on system performance is demonstrated. The simulation system is a valuable tool for learning minimally invasive procedures and for developers building AR systems for medical applications. The implementation is focused on the insertion surgical devices, including screws and K-wires. This is results in real application in minimizing the risk of iatrogenic injury to neural and vascular structures. To demonstrate the effectiveness of highly reproducible accuracy between real and virtual environment an analysis of errors and accuracies is illustrated at level of different subsystems. Measurement between comparative measurement between vernier caliper and simulation system methods shows a R>0.9 with a p<0.01. Application accuracy was evaluated using the following parameters. The relative point-to-point accuracy averaged 1.02mm with a standard deviation of 2.82mm. Future development includes clinical implementation and integration of advanced AI technologies.