Redundancy improvement using variance of pipe-flow series in water distribution systems considering pressure-deficient modeling approaches

ABSTRACT Redundancy is an important parameter for the resilient design of water distribution systems (WDSs). In this study, the redundancy of WDSs of a branch and looped water distribution system is increased by adding one-by-one pipes with the objective of minimization of variance of the pipe flows (VPF) and ensuring cost-effective and reliable design of WDNs under pressure-deficient conditions suggested by various pressure dependent analysis (PDA) approaches. Reliability and cost values are compared using different PDA approaches. Three example networks are considered including multi-source network for redundancy evaluations with two PDA approaches. Further, the application on real practical problems of Saoner city, Maharashtra state in India is also considered. Different PDA based approaches are considered and redundancy and cost values are compared based on PDA approaches for all the example networks. The results also demonstrated the advantages of both PDA over demand dependent analysis (DDA).