Study on Collaborative Operation of Virtual Power Plants and Power Grids with New Energy Vehicles in Cold Regions

To address the challenges of coordinating virtual power plants (VPPs) and power grids with new energy vehicles (NEVs) in cold regions, this study proposes a comprehensive approach. First, a VPP model is established, incorporating distributed energy resources, loads, and NEVs. Building on this foundation, a two-stage bilevel game-based NEVs charging optimization model is developed, considering the interaction between the distribution network and the VPP under a non-cooperative game framework. In the day-ahead stage, a virtual price-based demand response model for NEVs is designed to preoptimize charging loads, aiming to minimize virtual charging costs. In the intra-day stage, a wind and solar output deviation adjustment strategy is formulated using a bilevel Stackelberg game model, with the goal of maximizing the economic benefits of all stakeholders. Furthermore, the proposed strategies are evaluated through a comparative analysis of fully cooperative, hybrid bilevel, and bilevel leader-follower game models, highlighting their effectiveness in enhancing operational efficiency and economic performance.