Ethanolic extract of <i>Cnidoscolus aconitifolius</i> leaves alleviates insulin resistance by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation in albino rats exposed to heavy metal mixture

Exposure to heavy metals significantly contributes to insulin resistance, a major factor in type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the antioxidant and therapeutic potential of ethanol leaf extract of <i>Cnidoscolus aconitifolius</i> in mitigating heavy metal-induced insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation in albino rats. Thirty rats were divided into five groups: Groups I and II received normal saline and a lead-mercury mixture, respectively, while Groups III, IV and V were treated with the extract (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) for four weeks after exposure. The extract, rich in catechin, rutin, gallic acid and kaempferol, exhibited strong antioxidant activity. Heavy metal exposure induced hepatic insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress and inflammation, as shown by elevated HOMA-IR values. Extract treatment reversed these effects in a dose-dependent manner, restoring insulin sensitivity <i>via</i> oxidative stress and inflammation modulation. This highlights the potential of <i>C. aconitifolius</i> as a nutraceutical for heavy metal-induced metabolic disorders.