Efficient degradation of methylene blue using titanium-substituted hydroxyapatite for water purification

The application of nanomaterials in environmental remediation, particularly in water treatment, is increasingly vital due to industrial pollution. Significant dye contamination from industrial activities poses serious health risks. This study explores titanium-substituted hydroxyapatite (Ti-HAp) for degrading methylene blue (MB) dye. Ti-HAp samples with 4 % and 6 % titanium were synthesized using a wet chemical precipitation method. Characterization techniques including XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM confirmed successful incorporation of titanium into the hydroxyapatite structure, which improved its photocatalytic properties. Photocatalytic experiments demonstrated that 4 % Ti-HAp achieved 95 % MB degradation within 180 min, while 6 % Ti-HAp reached 88 % degradation. The enhanced performance of 4 % Ti-HAp is attributed to its optimal balance of titanium substitution, which maximizes photocatalytic efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of Ti-HAp as an effective and economical material for water purification.