Enhancing Immunogenicity on COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine with Lipid Nanoparticles and Innovation of Nanotechnology

The review highlights recent advancements in mRNA vaccine technology, focusing on the key mechanism of increasing vaccine immunogenicity through lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and its successful application to a COVID-19 vaccine. Optimized mRNA design, coupled with chemical modifications, such as pseudouridine substitution, have enhanced mRNA stability, translational efficiency, and minimized immune-related adverse reactions. Moreover, LNP optimization, through adjusting the ratio of ionized lipid, phospholipid, and cholesterol and regulating the nanoparticle size and surface charge, has proven critical for efficient vaccine delivery and robust immune responses. The review also discusses different administration routes and dosing regimens, emphasizing intramuscular injection as the most effective for systemic immune activation. The successful development of COVID-19 vaccines, as represented by Pfizer and Modena vaccines, supports the importance of those technologies and provides a new paradigm for future vaccine development. Continued optimization of LNP technology and the exploration of novel delivery systems are essential for extending the scope of mRNA vaccines to combat a broader range of diseases, ultimately providing innovative solutions to global health challenges.