Improved mechanical and magnetic energy harvesting in Sr/Zn-doped Ba _0.85 Ca _0.15 Zr _0.1 Ti _0.9 O ₃ composites-based generators

Abstract Energy harvesting transduces untapped ambient energy into electrical power, supporting autonomous, sustainable devices. Magneto-mechano-piezoelectric nanogenerators (MMPNGs) leverage magnetic torque-induced mechanical strain to activate the piezoelectric mechanism, efficiently converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and driving innovation in energy-harvesting systems for next-generation applications. This work aims to designate flexible and biocompatible PNGs and MMPNG from the site-engineered BCZT-based ceramics synthesized through the solid-state reaction method with the thermal quenching process. The PNG was initially designated and tested for its energy harvesting properties under biomechanical tapping, yielding the power characteristics of 7.8 V/164.4 nA (corresponding peak power density of 711.1 µ W cm −3 ). The designated MMPNG, under an alternating current magnetic field of 6 Oe, generated an open-circuit peak-to-peak voltage ( V p-p ) and a short-circuit current of 4.4 V and 202 nA, respectively. The harvesting device also exhibits a maximum root mean square power output of 4.4 nW, equivalent to a power density of 395 nW cm −3 . These energy harvesters demonstrated the ability to maintain consistent performance over 50 000 operational cycles without significant degradation in output. These findings reveal strong potential for powering autonomous miniature electronics, paving the way for sustainable and efficient compact energy solutions.