Theory-of-mind understanding in aging: Effects of early bilingual language experience

Abstract The ability to understand and speak more than one language (i.e., bilingualism) may provide benefits to preserving social cognition against normal age-related deteriorations. This study examined how variations in bilingual language experience influence theory-of-mind (ToM) understanding in late adulthood. One hundred and five cognitively healthy older adults ( M age = 66.23 years, range = 56–79) and 80 young adults ( M age = 22.03 years, range = 19–30), who were bilingual speakers, completed a ToM task battery, a self-report questionnaire on their language background, and a battery of general cognition assessments. We found an overall age-related decline in ToM, where older adults made more errors in inferring others’ mental states compared with young adults. Importantly, an earlier L2 age of acquisition (L2AoA) predicted better ToM performance among older adults, over and above the effects of age, education, and general cognition. The results suggest that early bilingual acquisition may enhance social cognitive processes during development and contribute to intact ToM abilities in older adult bilinguals.