Parietal alpha and theta power predict cognitive training gains in middle-aged adults

Research on executive functions training shows inconsistent outcomes, with factors like age, baseline cognitive abilities, and personality traits implicated as predictive of training gains, while limited attention has been given to neurophysiological markers. Theta and alpha band power are linked to cognitive performance, suggesting a potential area for further study. This study aimed to determine whether relative theta and alpha power and their ratio could predict gains in updating and inhibition training beyond the practice effects (the order of training session). Forty healthy middle-aged adults (aged 49-65) were randomly assigned to either the cognitive training group (<i>n</i> = 20), or the communication skills (control) group (<i>n</i> = 20). Both groups completed the self-administered training sessions twice a week for 10 weeks, totaling to 20 sessions. Resting-state EEG data were recorded before the first session. Mixed-effects model analyses revealed that higher relative parietal alpha power positively predicted training performance, while theta power negatively predicted performance. Additionally, higher parietal alpha/theta ratio was associated with better training outcomes, while the frontal alpha/theta ratio did not demonstrate significant predictive value. Other EEG measures did not show additional predictive power beyond what was accounted for by the session effects. The findings imply that individuals with specific EEG pattern may change with cognitive training, making resting-state EEG a useful tool in tailoring interventions.